In a move aimed at restoring international trust and addressing decades-old disputes, Zimbabwe has announced plans to compensate 94 former white farmers of foreign origin who were displaced during the land reform program initiated under former President Robert Mugabe in the early 2000s. The government will pay a total of $146 million in compensation to these farmers, as they were protected under Bilateral Investment Protection and Promotion Agreements (BIPPAs) signed between Zimbabwe and their respective home countries.

Zimbabwean Finance Minister Mthuli Ncube confirmed that $20 million will be paid from the 2024 budget, with another $20 million allocated in the 2025 budget. The government aims to clear the full amount by 2028 as part of a broader strategy to resolve outstanding debts and regain credibility in the global financial system.

However, this move has reignited a contentious debate about the fairness and legality of Zimbabwe’s land redistribution program, the exclusion of local white Zimbabwean farmers from these payments, and the broader economic implications of this decision.

The Legacy of Zimbabwe’s Land Reform Program

Zimbabwe’s land reform program, launched in 2000, was one of the most aggressive land redistribution efforts in modern history. The policy, championed by then-President Robert Mugabe, saw the seizure of more than 4,500 white-owned commercial farms, which were redistributed to Black Zimbabweans—many of whom had little farming experience or resources.

The land reforms were intended to correct historical injustices dating back to British colonial rule, where a small white minority controlled most of the country’s fertile land. However, the manner in which the program was implemented—often violently and without compensation—led to economic devastation, plummeting agricultural productivity, and the loss of Zimbabwe’s status as the “breadbasket of Africa.”

The immediate consequences of the land reform program included:

• A sharp decline in commercial farming output, especially in tobacco, maize, and wheat production.
• A collapse of Zimbabwe’s export sector, leading to foreign currency shortages.
• The near-collapse of the banking sector as agricultural loans became non-performing.
• Hyperinflation, peaking at 89.7 sextillion percent in 2008, rendering the Zimbabwean dollar worthless.
• A mass exodus of white farmers to neighboring countries such as Zambia, Mozambique, and South Africa, where many restarted their farming businesses.

Why is Zimbabwe Paying Foreign Farmers Now?

1. The Need for Debt Relief

Zimbabwe is currently in the process of negotiating debt relief and restructuring with international financial institutions, including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the African Development Bank (AfDB). Zimbabwe’s total foreign debt stands at $21 billion, a burden the country has struggled to service for decades.

Finance Minister Mthuli Ncube emphasized that honoring the BIPPA compensation agreement is a crucial step in Zimbabwe’s debt clearance process. Some of the countries whose farmers were affected by the land seizures are also influential creditors and potential supporters in Zimbabwe’s bid for debt restructuring.

“This is a very important issue for our arrears clearance and debt resolution process for Zimbabwe,” Ncube said. “Some of the countries for which we want support—such as Switzerland, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and the former Yugoslavia—had investors affected by the land reform program.”

2. Rebuilding Zimbabwe’s International Reputation

Zimbabwe has been largely isolated from international financial markets for over two decades due to its failure to service debts, allegations of human rights abuses, and its hostile business environment. Compensating the displaced foreign farmers is seen as a step toward restoring investor confidence and re-engaging with the global financial community.

In recent years, Zimbabwe has made overtures to international investors, particularly in the agriculture, mining, and tourism sectors. However, concerns over property rights and rule of law remain major barriers to attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). Paying the foreign farmers is an attempt to signal a shift in policy and assure potential investors that Zimbabwe is honoring its commitments.

The Exclusion of Local White Farmers: A Source of Contention

One of the biggest criticisms of the government’s compensation plan is that it only includes foreign white farmers covered under BIPPA agreements, while thousands of Zimbabwean white farmers remain uncompensated.

1. The Unfulfilled $3.5 Billion Compensation Agreement

In 2020, Zimbabwe’s government signed a $3.5 billion agreement with local white farmers to compensate them for improvements made on the land, but not for the land itself. The agreement was supposed to be honored in phases over five years, but Zimbabwe has failed to meet its financial obligations, citing budgetary constraints and lack of international support.

Trevor Gifford, a former president of Zimbabwe’s Commercial Farmers Union (CFU), expressed frustration over the government’s approach, saying:

“Twenty-five years from the start of land reform in Zimbabwe, the majority of displaced title deed holders remain destitute due to the non-payment of compensation. The government failed to honor its commitment under the global compensation agreement, which is now expired.”

2. Farmers Who Resettled Elsewhere

Many displaced farmers, like Graham Rae, relocated to neighboring countries such as Zambia, Mozambique, and South Africa, where they revived their agricultural businesses. Rae, who lost his farm 100 kilometers east of Harare, insists that he will not surrender his title deed until he receives full compensation.

“You can’t steal a car and then sell it to me and think you’ve washed your hands and now it’s a legal car,” Rae said. “It’s still illegal, and by the mere fact that I’m buying a stolen car from you, I’m complicit in the theft.”

This sentiment is widely shared among Zimbabwean white farmers, who argue that giving title deeds to resettled farmers while the original owners remain uncompensated creates legal confusion and undermines property rights.

The New Plan: Issuing Title Deeds to Resettled Farmers

While compensating former foreign farmers, the Zimbabwean government is also moving forward with a plan to issue official title deeds to the Black Zimbabwean farmers who took over seized lands.

This initiative is intended to:

• Provide legal ownership to resettled farmers.
• Allow farmers to use land as collateral to access bank loans for investment in agriculture.
• Encourage long-term agricultural productivity and self-sufficiency.

However, critics argue that issuing new title deeds without addressing existing ownership disputes could further discourage investment. As Gifford pointed out:

“The issuing of title deeds on top of existing title deeds, which have still not been paid for in terms of international norms for land reform, is reckless and does not create any confidence for prospective investors in Zimbabwe.”

Conclusion: Will This Move Restore Confidence?

Zimbabwe’s decision to compensate foreign farmers while ignoring local white farmers has sparked widespread debate about equity, financial priorities, and the rule of law. While this step may help Zimbabwe’s bid for debt relief and improved international relations, it does little to resolve long-standing grievances among dispossessed Zimbabwean white farmers.

Key questions remain:

• Will the government eventually compensate local white farmers, or is this an issue that will be ignored indefinitely?
• Will new title deeds improve agricultural productivity, or will unresolved disputes over land ownership deter investment?
• Can Zimbabwe truly rebuild international investor confidence without a clear land tenure system?

While the government has made a symbolic and strategic move, Zimbabwe’s complex land crisis remains far from resolved. The future of land ownership, agricultural recovery, and economic stability in Zimbabwe depends on how the government balances historical injustices, economic realities, and the need to attract investment in the coming years.

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photo source: Google

By: Montel Kamau

Serrari Financial Analyst

19th February, 2025