Kenya is embarking on a transformative journey to unlock the vast economic potential of its ocean resources through the development of an ambitious National Marine Spatial Plan (MSP), a comprehensive 20-year strategic framework that promises to revolutionize how the country manages and benefits from its marine and coastal assets.
The groundbreaking initiative, which received Cabinet approval and is currently in draft form, aims to ensure the balanced, sustainable, and integrated use of Kenya’s 250,000-square-kilometre ocean space—an area roughly equivalent to half of the country’s total land mass. This ambitious framework is designed to promote economic growth while simultaneously safeguarding environmental conservation and ensuring social equity for coastal communities that depend on marine resources for their livelihoods.
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Strategic Framework for Ocean Governance
The Marine Spatial Plan represents a paradigm shift in how Kenya approaches ocean management, moving from ad-hoc decision-making to a coordinated, science-based framework that balances competing interests. Although still in draft form, the final plan is expected to be completed by June 2026 before being submitted to the Cabinet for approval, marking a critical milestone in the country’s Blue Economy development.
The initiative is being implemented by the Government of Kenya with substantial support from the World Bank through the Kenya Marine Fisheries and Socio-Economic Development (KEMFSED) Project, a KSh 10 billion concessional loan program running from 2020 to 2025. This partnership underscores the international community’s recognition of Kenya’s commitment to sustainable ocean development and the strategic importance of marine resources to the country’s economic future.
Comprehensive Geographic Coverage
The Marine Spatial Plan’s scope is truly comprehensive, encompassing Kenya’s entire coastline from Vanga in Kwale County to Kiunga in Lamu County—a stretch of approximately 600 kilometers that is increasingly under pressure from overexploitation and competing interests. This coastal region, home to diverse ecosystems including coral reefs, mangrove forests, and seagrass beds, represents both tremendous economic opportunity and environmental vulnerability.
The plan’s coverage extends far beyond the immediate coastline to include inshore waters in five key coastal counties—Kwale, Mombasa, Kilifi, Lamu, and Tana River—as well as the country’s territorial seas and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Kenya’s EEZ, which extends 200 nautical miles from the coast, encompasses approximately 142,400 square kilometers of territorial waters, with an additional extended claim of approximately 103,320 square kilometers, creating a massive marine estate that holds enormous untapped potential for sustainable economic development.
Global Context and Best Practices
Marine Spatial Planning is gaining traction globally as a practical framework for coordinated management and decision-making in marine areas. Countries around the world are recognizing that effective ocean governance requires moving beyond sectoral approaches to integrated planning that considers multiple uses and users simultaneously.
According to the UNESCO publication on Marine Spatial Planning and the Blue Economy in Kenya, the MSP represents a science-based, participatory process that guides where and when human activities occur in the marine environment, seeking to balance ecological, economic, and social objectives. This approach has proven successful in numerous countries and is now being adapted to Kenya’s unique context and challenges.
Experts emphasize that Kenya must align environmental management with economic, fiscal, and social priorities to ensure sustainable marine development. The country’s experience with terrestrial land-use planning provides valuable lessons, but marine planning presents unique challenges including the three-dimensional nature of ocean space, the mobility of marine resources, and the complex interactions between different ocean uses.
Extensive Community Engagement Process
Recognizing that the success of the Marine Spatial Plan depends on buy-in from those who use and depend on marine resources, the Ministry of Mining, Blue Economy and Maritime Affairs, through the State Department for the Blue Economy and Fisheries, has concluded an extensive series of community engagement sessions across all coastal counties.
These participatory forums were strategically designed to raise awareness about the planning process, build capacity for effective participation, and gather invaluable local perspectives on resource use, conservation priorities, and development needs. The consultations brought together a diverse array of stakeholders representing the full spectrum of ocean users and interest groups.
Participants included representatives from national and county governments, bringing crucial policy and administrative perspectives; non-governmental and community-based organizations, which play vital roles in conservation and community development; community groups and minority communities, whose voices are essential for equitable planning; beach management units, which serve as the frontline interface between fishing communities and government authorities; the hospitality and tourism sectors, major contributors to coastal economies; and private sector networks, representing business interests from small enterprises to large corporations.
Deputy Director of Physical Planning at the State Department for Lands and Physical Planning, John Tabu, emphasized the central importance of public participation in the MSP process. “Public participation ensures the voices of communities directly affected by marine activities are heard,” he explained, noting that this inclusive approach is not merely a procedural requirement but a fundamental principle that will determine the plan’s effectiveness and legitimacy.
The engagement process employed various methodologies including town hall meetings, focus group discussions, technical workshops, and stakeholder consultations, ensuring that different groups could participate in formats suited to their needs and capacities. Special attention was paid to ensuring the inclusion of marginalized groups, women, youth, and small-scale fishers—constituencies whose interests have often been overlooked in development planning.
Strategic Alignment with National Development Goals
The Marine Spatial Plan is firmly anchored in Kenya’s overarching development framework, particularly Kenya Vision 2030, the country’s long-term development blueprint that aims to transform Kenya into a newly industrializing, middle-income country providing a high quality of life for all citizens by 2030.
Kenya’s Vision 2030 explicitly identifies the MSP as a key driver in expanding the food economy and unlocking the potential of ocean resources. The plan is further reinforced by the Fourth Medium Term Plan (MTP IV) 2023-2027, which recognizes the Blue Economy as a major engine for national growth and prosperity.
“The MTP IV provides that the preparation of the MSP is the framework to unlock the resources that are in the Blue Economy,” Tabu explained, highlighting the direct link between marine spatial planning and the government’s broader economic transformation agenda. The Bottom-Up Economic Transformation Agenda (BETA), which guides the current administration’s development priorities, also emphasizes the blue economy as one of the key value chains for boosting production and creating employment.
The strategic integration of the MSP into national development planning ensures that ocean development is not treated as a standalone sectoral concern but as an integral component of Kenya’s economic transformation. This alignment also facilitates resource allocation, policy coherence, and coordination across different levels of government and sectors.
Comprehensive Zoning Framework
One of the most significant features of the Marine Spatial Plan is its comprehensive zoning approach, which will designate specific marine areas for different uses while establishing management frameworks and regulations to ensure sustainable utilization.
The plan will create clearly defined zones for multiple ocean uses including:
Fishing Grounds: Dedicated areas where fishing activities can be conducted sustainably, with different zones designated for artisanal, semi-industrial, and industrial fishing operations. These zones will be established based on scientific assessments of fish stocks, breeding areas, and seasonal migration patterns, helping to prevent overfishing and ensure long-term productivity.
Tourism and Recreation: Areas designated for marine tourism activities including beach tourism, diving, snorkeling, and whale watching, recognizing the vital contribution of coastal tourism to Kenya’s economy. These zones will be managed to maintain the environmental quality and aesthetic appeal that attracts tourists while ensuring that tourism development does not degrade marine ecosystems.
Energy Development: Zones identified for potential offshore energy projects including oil and gas exploration, offshore wind farms, and other renewable energy installations. As global energy demands shift and technology advances, Kenya’s offshore areas present opportunities for energy development that must be balanced with other ocean uses and environmental protection.
Shipping Lanes: Designated routes for maritime transport and commercial shipping, ensuring efficient and safe navigation while minimizing conflicts with other ocean users and reducing risks to sensitive marine habitats. Kenya’s strategic location along major international shipping routes makes this zoning particularly important.
Conservation Areas: Protected zones where marine biodiversity will be preserved, including marine protected areas, critical habitats for endangered species, spawning grounds, and coral reef systems. These conservation zones are essential for maintaining ecosystem health and ensuring the long-term sustainability of marine resources.
Water Sports and Recreation: Areas allocated for various water sports including surfing, kiteboarding, jet skiing, and sailing, recognizing the growing importance of recreational activities to coastal communities and tourism.
Mining Operations: Zones identified for potential marine mineral extraction, including sand mining and potential deep-sea mining activities, with strict environmental safeguards to prevent ecosystem degradation.
This comprehensive zoning approach represents a fundamental shift from the current situation where different ocean uses often occur in an uncoordinated manner, leading to conflicts, inefficiencies, and environmental degradation. By clearly delineating where different activities can occur, the MSP aims to minimize user conflicts, optimize economic benefits, and ensure environmental sustainability.
Addressing User Conflicts and Enhancing Coordination
One of the most compelling justifications for the Marine Spatial Plan is its potential to minimize conflicts among ocean users—a persistent challenge in Kenya’s coastal areas where multiple activities compete for the same marine space.
Halima Mweru, Secretary of the Mombasa Beach Management Unit (BMU) Network, highlighted this critical issue, noting that activities such as port dredging often disrupt fishing grounds, reducing fish catches and fueling tensions between port operators and fishing communities. “If we follow the plan, it will end or reduce such conflicts,” she stated, expressing the hope shared by many coastal residents that the MSP will bring order and fairness to ocean use.
Similar conflicts arise between tourism operators and fishing communities, between conservation efforts and economic development, and between traditional small-scale fishers and commercial fishing operations. Without a coordinated planning framework, these conflicts are often resolved through political influence or economic power rather than through rational assessment of sustainable use and equitable benefit-sharing.
The Beach Management Units, which serve as community-level fisheries management organizations, play a crucial role in implementing fisheries regulations and representing fishing communities’ interests. Their involvement in the MSP process ensures that the plan reflects on-the-ground realities and has the support of those who will be most directly affected by zoning decisions.
Institutional Coordination and Legal Framework
Patrick Waweru, National Land Commission (NLC) Mombasa County Coordinator, emphasized the Commission’s role in ensuring the MSP process aligns with constitutional, legal, and international standards. “NLC is in the MSP process to ensure that stakeholders in the marine space are involved. They participate in identifying the issues, challenges and potential and also coming up with proposals to advance the national development goals and at the same time conserve marine biodiversity,” Waweru explained.
The legal and institutional framework supporting the MSP is comprehensive and includes several key pieces of legislation. The Physical and Land Use Planning Act No. 13 of 2019 provides provisions for planning, use, regulation and development of land, establishing planning authorities and providing mechanisms for conflict resolution. The Environment Management and Conservation Act (EMCA) 1999 (Revised 2015) requires that all policies and plans be subject to strategic environmental assessment, ensuring that the MSP incorporates rigorous environmental considerations.
Additional legal foundations include the Kenya Maritime Authority Act (Cap 370), which provides for coordination of policies relating to maritime affairs; the Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2017 on National Land Use Policy, which recognizes the need for integrated coastal land use planning; and various international conventions and treaties to which Kenya is a signatory.
This robust legal framework ensures that the MSP is not merely an aspirational document but a legally binding instrument that will guide ocean governance for the next two decades. The multi-agency involvement, including the National Land Commission, Kenya Fisheries Service, Kenya Maritime Authority, and coastal county governments, reflects the complexity of ocean governance and the need for coordinated action across multiple jurisdictions and sectors.
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Economic Potential and Development Opportunities
Kenya’s ocean resources represent a largely untapped economic frontier with enormous potential to contribute to national development and poverty reduction. Currently, the ocean contributes only about 4 percent to Kenya’s GDP, far below its potential given the size of the marine estate and the diversity of resources available.
The [Blue Economy sectors](https://www.nairobiconvention.org/clearinghouse/sites/default/files/Synthesis Report Popular Version 13062023.pdf) encompass a wide range of activities with significant growth potential. Marine fisheries, which currently employ thousands of people directly and support many more through value chains, have an estimated sustainable yield potential of 150,000 to 300,000 metric tonnes per year—far exceeding current production levels. However, realizing this potential requires better management, improved infrastructure, and capacity building for fishing communities to access offshore fishing grounds.
Mariculture—the farming of marine organisms—represents another high-potential sector that remains largely underdeveloped in Kenya. Species suitable for mariculture in Kenyan waters include milkfish, mullet, mud crabs, prawns, and various seaweed species. The KEMFSED project includes provisions for establishing a National Mariculture Resource and Training Centre in Shimoni, Kwale County, which will conduct research, provide training, and supply improved broodstock to commercial operations.
Seaweed farming, introduced to Kenya in 2008, has developed into a sustainable and profitable industry in some coastal communities, particularly benefiting women who comprise the majority of seaweed farmers. The MSP will help identify and zone suitable areas for seaweed farming expansion, providing clarity for investors while ensuring that farming activities do not conflict with other ocean uses or damage sensitive habitats.
Cage culture fishing, a relatively new aquaculture approach in Kenya involving fish farming in cages or pens anchored in coastal waters, also presents significant investment opportunities. The MSP’s suitability assessments for cage culture zones will help guide this emerging industry’s development in a sustainable manner.
Maritime transport and port operations constitute another major component of the Blue Economy. Kenya’s strategic location along international shipping routes and the Port of Mombasa‘s status as a major regional gateway create opportunities for expansion and development. The MSP will help optimize port operations while minimizing conflicts with other ocean users and protecting sensitive coastal ecosystems.
Coastal and marine tourism, already a major contributor to Kenya’s economy, has substantial room for growth. The country’s beautiful beaches, coral reefs, and marine wildlife attract tourists from around the world, generating significant foreign exchange earnings and employment. The MSP will help ensure that tourism development proceeds sustainably, maintaining the environmental quality that attracts visitors while providing benefits to local communities.
Emerging sectors including offshore energy development, marine biotechnology, ocean mineral extraction, and blue carbon initiatives present additional opportunities that the MSP will help evaluate and guide. As technology advances and global markets evolve, these sectors may become increasingly important contributors to Kenya’s economy.
Environmental Conservation and Climate Resilience
While the Marine Spatial Plan emphasizes economic development, it also places strong emphasis on environmental conservation and climate resilience—recognizing that sustainable economic benefits depend fundamentally on maintaining healthy marine ecosystems.
Kenya’s coastal and marine ecosystems provide critical services including fish production, coastal protection, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity support. Coral reefs, which are highly sensitive to environmental changes, provide habitat for numerous fish species and protect coastlines from wave action and erosion. Mangrove forests, which have declined significantly in recent decades, serve as nursery grounds for fish, sequester substantial amounts of carbon, and provide natural barriers against storms and sea-level rise.
The MSP incorporates provisions for marine protected areas and conservation zones that will safeguard critical habitats and allow depleted fish stocks to recover. According to KEMFSED officials, the plan includes setting aside 30 percent of marine areas as Marine Protected Areas for restocking and conservation—a target aligned with international conservation goals.
Climate change poses significant threats to Kenya’s coastal and marine ecosystems through rising sea temperatures, ocean acidification, sea-level rise, and changes in ocean currents and upwelling patterns. The MSP process includes climate vulnerability assessments that examine how environmental changes may affect different ocean uses and ecosystems over the plan’s 20-year timeframe. This forward-looking approach ensures that the plan remains relevant and effective even as environmental conditions change.
The Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) is conducting extensive research to support the MSP, including assessments of climate impacts on coastal ecosystems, projections of shoreline changes, and studies of how various marine resources may respond to environmental changes. This scientific foundation ensures that planning decisions are based on sound evidence rather than assumptions.
Social Equity and Community Livelihoods
The Marine Spatial Plan places significant emphasis on social equity and improving livelihoods for coastal communities, many of which face high poverty rates despite living adjacent to valuable marine resources. Approximately 65 percent of Kenya’s coastal population lives in rural areas and engages primarily in fishing, agriculture, and mining for their livelihoods.
The KEMFSED project, which supports the MSP development, includes specific provisions for community development and livelihood diversification. Through a combination of grants, technical assistance, and enterprise and skills training, the project supports community groups in developing sustainable income-generating activities that reduce dependence on capture fisheries while improving household incomes.
Small-scale sub-projects with productive, livelihood, environmental, and social focus are being implemented across coastal communities, along with scholarship grants for youth to pursue education and training opportunities. This multi-faceted approach recognizes that effective marine resource management requires not only regulations and enforcement but also viable economic alternatives for communities that have historically depended on potentially unsustainable practices.
Women play crucial roles in coastal economies, particularly in fish processing, trading, and distribution, as well as in seaweed farming and other mariculture activities. The MSP process has made deliberate efforts to ensure women’s voices are heard and their interests represented in planning decisions, recognizing that gender-responsive planning is essential for equitable and sustainable development.
Youth engagement is another priority, with programs designed to create opportunities for young people in emerging Blue Economy sectors. As traditional fishing faces sustainability challenges and competition increases for limited resources, providing alternative pathways for youth employment in sectors like mariculture, marine tourism, and ocean-related services becomes increasingly important.
Safety and Emergency Response
Coach Twalib Yusuf, Secretary of Aquatic Sports, raised an important safety consideration during the community consultations, calling for the establishment of community rescue centers and deployment of lifeguards along beaches to enhance safety for ocean users. This concern highlights that comprehensive marine management must address not only resource use and conservation but also public safety and emergency response.
As ocean activities expand and diversify under the MSP framework, ensuring adequate safety infrastructure and emergency response capabilities becomes increasingly critical. Water sports, recreational activities, and increased fishing operations all create safety demands that must be addressed through appropriate planning and resource allocation.
Implementation Challenges and Opportunities
While the Marine Spatial Plan represents a significant opportunity for sustainable ocean development, its implementation will face numerous challenges that must be carefully managed. Effective enforcement of zoning regulations in the vast ocean space will require adequate resources, technology, and capacity—including vessels, surveillance systems, and trained personnel. The plan’s success will depend on sustained political commitment, adequate funding, and effective coordination among multiple government agencies at national and county levels.
Balancing competing interests among different ocean users will require ongoing negotiation, conflict resolution mechanisms, and adaptive management approaches that can respond to changing conditions and new information. Building and maintaining capacity for marine spatial planning at both national and county levels will be essential, requiring training programs, knowledge sharing, and institutional strengthening.
Despite these challenges, Kenya is well-positioned to succeed in implementing the MSP. The extensive stakeholder engagement process has built awareness and support for spatial planning among ocean users and coastal communities. The legal and institutional framework provides a solid foundation for implementation. International support through the World Bank and other partners brings not only financial resources but also technical expertise and access to global best practices.
Kenya’s leadership in championing the Blue Economy agenda—exemplified by hosting the first-ever global Sustainable Blue Economy Conference in Nairobi in 2018 and co-chairing the UN Ocean Conference in Lisbon—demonstrates the country’s commitment to sustainable ocean development and positions it as a regional and global leader in marine governance.
Regional Cooperation and Transboundary Considerations
Ocean resources and ecosystems do not respect political boundaries, making regional cooperation essential for effective marine management. Kenya shares marine ecosystems with neighboring Somalia and Tanzania, requiring coordination on issues including fisheries management, conservation, maritime security, and management of shared fish stocks.
The Kilindini Campaign, which promotes Marine Spatial Planning as a strategic tool for sustainable ocean governance in East Africa, represents growing recognition of the need for regional approaches. Initiatives such as the proposed Trans-boundary Conservation Area (TBCA) between Kenya and Tanzania, facilitated by the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA), demonstrate the potential for collaborative management of shared marine resources.
Regional cooperation extends beyond immediate neighbors to the broader Western Indian Ocean region, where countries face similar challenges and opportunities in developing their Blue Economies. The Nairobi Convention, which provides a framework for environmental cooperation among Western Indian Ocean countries, plays an important role in facilitating knowledge sharing, capacity building, and coordinated action on marine management issues.
Technology and Innovation
The successful implementation of the Marine Spatial Plan will depend significantly on effective use of technology and innovation. The Kenya Marine Atlas, a digital portal providing diverse datasets related to marine resources and ocean conditions, exemplifies how technology can support marine planning and management. This platform integrates information from various sources, making it accessible to planners, researchers, and other stakeholders.
Remote sensing technologies, including satellite imagery and aerial surveillance, provide cost-effective means of monitoring ocean activities and detecting illegal fishing or other violations. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enable sophisticated spatial analysis and visualization of marine data, supporting evidence-based decision-making. Digital platforms facilitate stakeholder engagement and public participation in marine governance.
Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, blockchain for supply chain traceability, and ocean observation systems offer additional opportunities to enhance marine management effectiveness. Kenya’s emphasis on digital innovation, reflected in the Fourth Medium Term Plan’s priorities, positions the country to leverage these technologies for Blue Economy development.
Looking Ahead: A Transformative Vision
As Kenya moves forward with finalizing and implementing its National Marine Spatial Plan, the nation stands at a critical juncture in its relationship with the ocean. President William Ruto’s vision of transforming Kenya into a first-world country within 30 years—as referenced by John Tabu—depends in part on successfully unlocking the enormous potential of marine resources while ensuring their sustainability for future generations.
The MSP represents more than a technical planning exercise; it embodies a fundamental reimagining of how Kenya engages with its ocean space. By moving from ad-hoc, sector-by-sector approaches to integrated, coordinated planning, the country is positioning itself to maximize economic benefits while minimizing environmental costs and social conflicts.
The journey from the current draft stage to full implementation by 2026 and beyond will require sustained commitment, adequate resources, effective coordination, and ongoing adaptation to changing conditions. However, with strong legal foundations, broad stakeholder support, international partnerships, and growing political commitment to Blue Economy development, Kenya is well-equipped to navigate these challenges.
As coastal communities await the plan’s finalization, there is palpable hope that this comprehensive framework will deliver on its promise of sustainable prosperity—creating jobs, improving livelihoods, conserving ecosystems, and positioning Kenya as a leader in innovative ocean governance for the 21st century.
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By: Montel Kamau
Serrari Financial Analyst
28th October, 2025
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